;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$Portal (#$isa #$Portal #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Portal #$Cavity) (#$comment #$Portal "The collection of all openings, as in a surface, through a tube, etc., with or without a covering. This includes doors, mouths, doughnut-holes, etc.") ;;; #$PortalCovering (#$isa #$PortalCovering #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$PortalCovering #$ProductType) (#$genls #$PortalCovering #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$PortalCovering #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$PortalCovering "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$PortalCovering is something that covers a portal (e.g., window, door, hatch). Portal coverings may be either flexible or rigid; they may be either fixed in place or removable. Examples include windows (in buildings or automobiles), doors, shutters, screens, draperies, window blinds, convertible tops, lids, corks.") ;;; #$Portugal (#$isa #$Portugal #$IndependentCountry) (#$isa #$Portugal #$Entity) (#$comment #$Portugal "The nation of Portugal as it has existed throughout time; includes both its physical and its political aspects.") ;;; #$PositionType (#$isa #$PositionType #$Collection) (#$genls #$PositionType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$PositionType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$PositionType is a collection which represents a type of position filled by people within an organization. Examples of #$PositionType: #$Mayor, #$Admiral, #$CampaignManager, #$Director-Movie, #$Chairman, #$Resident-Medical.") ;;; #$PositiveInteger (#$isa #$PositiveInteger #$Collection) (#$isa #$PositiveInteger #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$PositiveInteger #$NonNegativeInteger) (#$genls #$PositiveInteger #$PositiveNumber) (#$comment #$PositiveInteger "#$PositiveInteger is the subset of #$Integer that excludes the negative integers and zero. Each element of #$PositiveInteger is a whole number greater than zero; thus, it includes 5, but not -5 or 0.") ;;; #$PositiveNumber (#$isa #$PositiveNumber #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$PositiveNumber #$NonNegativeNumber) (#$comment #$PositiveNumber "#$PositiveNumber is a subset of #$RealNumber. Each instance of #$PositiveNumber is a #$RealNumber that is #$greaterThan zero; thus, it includes 42 and 0.17 but not 0 or -5.") ;;; #$PostalCode (#$isa #$PostalCode #$IDStringType) (#$genls #$PostalCode #$IDString) (#$comment #$PostalCode "A collection of character strings. Each element of #$PostalCode is a string used by a postal service to designate a particular geographic area. For example, the code used by the #$USPostalService for central downtown Austin, TX, is `78701'.") ;;; #$PosteriorRegionFn (#$isa #$PosteriorRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$PosteriorRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$PosteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$PosteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$PosteriorRegionFn "The function (PosteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of the back or rear half or section, or posterior main portion, of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic front/back orientation, or is a (non-backward-facing) part of a larger region or object that has a front/back orientation.") ;;; #$Posture (#$isa #$Posture #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType) (#$isa #$Posture #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$Posture #$BodyPartPosition) (#$genls #$Posture #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Posture "The collection of postures, which are types of attributes that describe bodily configurations and/or orientations of #$Animals. Some #$Postures are: #$UprightPosture, #$KneelingPosture, #$LyingOnBackPosture, #$PronePosture, #$LeaningOnKnucklesPosture, #$ForwardFlyingPosture.") ;;; #$Pound-UnitOfMass (#$isa #$Pound-UnitOfMass #$FPSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Pound-UnitOfMass #$UnitOfMass) (#$isa #$Pound-UnitOfMass #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Pound-UnitOfMass #$Mass) (#$resultIsa #$Pound-UnitOfMass #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Pound-UnitOfMass #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Pound-UnitOfMass "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the basic unit of mass in the British (FPS) system. Technically, the FPS pound is exclusively a unit of force, analogous to the #$Newton in the MKS system. The usage here is occasioned primarily by the fact that interconversions between pounds and kilograms are often used in the terrestrial frame of reference. In fact, the FPS unit of mass, analogous to the #$Kilogram in the MKS system, is called the 'slug'. See also #$FPSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure, #$Pound-UnitOfForce.") ;;; #$Pourable (#$isa #$Pourable #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Pourable "A physical attribute. #$Pourable is the structural attribute of a tangible thing that is capable of flowing. #$Pourable things don't have intrinsic shape, but instead take the shape of their containers. When acted on by a force, a #$Pourable thing changes shape at a rate proportional to the force. (In addition, #$Pourable things may be easily separated into multiple pieces; however, such a separation is not a breaking or shearing.) Semisolid mobs of particles, such as portions of sand or snow, are #$Pourable; but a gelatin-like semisolid is not. See also #$SemiSolidTangibleThing.") ;;; #$Powdery (#$isa #$Powdery #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Powdery #$Granular) (#$genlAttributes #$Powdery #$Pourable) (#$comment #$Powdery "A physical attribute. #$Powdery is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute which describes a solid that has the form of a powder. #$Powdery stuff is #$Pourable and composed of multiple granules of solids.") ;;; #$PoweredDevice (#$isa #$PoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PoweredDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$PoweredDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$PoweredDevice is any device which requires some power input in order to perform its function. The power supplied may be muscle power, kinetic energy, fuel, electricity, etc. This is much more general than #$ElectricalDevice (qv), which is one of its subsets. #$PoweredDevice and #$NonPoweredDevice partition #$PhysicalDevice.") ;;; #$PrecipitationCloud (#$isa #$PrecipitationCloud #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PrecipitationCloud #$CloudInSky) (#$comment #$PrecipitationCloud "The collection of clouds that emit #$PrecipitationParticles in instances of #$PrecipitationProcess.") ;;; #$PrecipitationParticle (#$isa #$PrecipitationParticle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PrecipitationParticle #$Particle) (#$genls #$PrecipitationParticle #$Water) (#$comment #$PrecipitationParticle "The collection of particles of liquid or solid water emitted by clouds in instances of #$PrecipitationProcess.") ;;; #$PrecipitationProcess (#$isa #$PrecipitationProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$PrecipitationProcess #$ImmediateWeatherProcess) (#$genls #$PrecipitationProcess #$Translation-SinglePath) (#$genls #$PrecipitationProcess #$Translation-Complete) (#$genls #$PrecipitationProcess #$Movement-TranslationProcess) (#$genls #$PrecipitationProcess #$EmittingAnObject) (#$genls #$PrecipitationProcess #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$PrecipitationProcess "A collection of physical processes; a subset of #$WeatherEvent. Elements of #$PrecipitationProcess are meteorological processes in which atmospheric clouds precipitate rain, snow, or other forms of H2O precipitation.") ;;; #$Predicate (#$isa #$Predicate #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$Predicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$Predicate #$FunctionTheMathematicalType) (#$comment #$Predicate "The set of all Cyc predicates. Each element of #$Predicate is a truth-functional relationship in Cyc which takes some number of arguments; each of those arguments must be of some particular type. For example, the predicate #$genls, which represents the subset/superset relation between collections, takes two arguments; each argument must be an element of #$Collection. The numbers and types of arguments to particular predicates are specified by explicit assertions using #$arity, #$arg1Isa, #$arg2Isa, etc., #$arg1Genl, #$arg2Genl, etc. Our example #$genls has #$arity 2, and both its #$arg1Isa and its #$arg2Isa have the value #$Collection. Informally, you can think of elements of #$Predicate as functions that always return either true or false. More formally, when an element of #$Predicate is applied to the legal number and type of arguments, an expression is formed which is a well-formed formula (wff) in CycL. Such expressions are called `atomic formulas' if they contain variables, and `gafs' (short for `ground atomic formulas') if they contain no variables. Note that in Cyc, relationships involving opaque contexts (such as modal contexts, propositional attitudes) are NOT included in #$Predicate; see #$ModalRelationship instead. Quantifiers and logical operators are also excluded from #$Predicate; see #$Quantifier, #$LogicalConnective. Currently (July 1996), the KB includes predicates of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 arguments; i.e., #$arity may have a value between 1 and 5, inclusive. The KB also includes some predicates of variable arity (see #$VariableArityRelation). Unary predicates, which take just one single argument (e.g., `-- is a person' or `-- is white', are usually represented in Cyc by elements of #$Collection or #$AttributeValue, rather than of #$Predicate; but see also #$UnaryPredicate. Naming strings for elements of #$Predicate always begin with a lowercase letter.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Predicate #$SENSUS-Information1997 "RELATIONALPROCESS") ;;; #$PredicateCategory (#$isa #$PredicateCategory #$Collection) (#$genls #$PredicateCategory #$RelationType) (#$comment #$PredicateCategory "A collection of collections; a subset of #$RelationType. Each element of #$PredicateCategory is a collection of Cyc #$Predicates. Examples: #$TemporalPartSlot, #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot, #$FunctionalSlot, #$InterActorSlot, #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate, #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot. See also the comment on #$Predicate.") ;;; #$PregnancyEndingEvent (#$isa #$PregnancyEndingEvent #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$PregnancyEndingEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$PregnancyEndingEvent #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$PregnancyEndingEvent #$BiologicalEvent) (#$comment #$PregnancyEndingEvent "The collection of events which terminate a pregnancy, including birth, abortion, and miscarriage.") ;;; #$PreparationAttribute (#$isa #$PreparationAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$PreparationAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$PreparationAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$PreparationAttribute is a characteristic of a piece of material (e.g., food) indicating (1) a type of physical preparation which that stuff has already undergone, and (2) something about its current, resulting condition. Examples of #$PreparationAttribute which are applicable to food include: #$Baked, #$Fried, #$Toasted, #$Fermented, #$Grilled, #$Frozen, #$Dried, #$Raw.") ;;; #$PreparingFoodOrDrink (#$isa #$PreparingFoodOrDrink #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$PreparingFoodOrDrink #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PreparingFoodOrDrink #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$PreparingFoodOrDrink #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$PreparingFoodOrDrink #$HandlingAnObject) (#$comment #$PreparingFoodOrDrink "A collection of events. Each element of #$PreparingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a single instance of #$FoodAndDrink is made ready to eat. Preparation may begin `from scratch', with raw ingredients, or may use semi-prepared or `convenience' products (such as cake mixes, margarita mixes, or frozen foods). Typical #$subEvents in elements of #$PreparingFoodOrDrink include activities commonly performed by cooks and/or bartenders, including instances of #$ChoppingSomething, #$CookingFood, #$BakingFood, #$MixingAlcoholicDrinks, etc. Each #$PreparingFoodOrDrink event ends when the item prepared is ready to eat. This collection is NOT to include activities that a diner does with food at table (such as peeling, unwrapping, cutting into bitesized pieces), nor activities that a farmer does before food reaches market or kitchen (e.g., planting, harvesting).") ;;; #$Preposition (#$isa #$Preposition #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$Preposition #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$Preposition "The collection of all prepositions. Prepositions are function words which usually take a noun phrase complement. They usually express temporal, spatial, or other relations. Example: `at'.") ;;; #$Prescriber (#$isa #$Prescriber #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Prescriber #$MedicalCareProfessional) (#$comment #$Prescriber "People who can prescribe medications. Doctors are prescribers, as well as osteopaths and nurse-practitioners. ") ;;; #$PrescriptionDrug (#$isa #$PrescriptionDrug #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$PrescriptionDrug #$ProductType) (#$genls #$PrescriptionDrug #$DrugProduct) (#$comment #$PrescriptionDrug "The collection of drugs that require a doctor's permission before obtaining or consuming them.") ;;; #$Preservative-Food (#$isa #$Preservative-Food #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$Preservative-Food #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Preservative-Food #$FoodIngredientOnly) (#$comment #$Preservative-Food "Preservatives which are added to food to prevent spoilage.") ;;; #$PreservingFood (#$isa #$PreservingFood #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$PreservingFood #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PreservingFood #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$PreservingFood #$HandlingAnObject) (#$genls #$PreservingFood #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$PreservingFood "A collection of events. Each instance of #$PreservingFood is an event in which a single item of food or drink (a member of the collection #$FoodAndDrink) is acted on to prevent its #$Spoiling.") ;;; #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState (#$isa #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState #$HeadOfState) (#$comment #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState "A collection of persons. Each element of #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState is a person who holds the title of president of some element of #$Country, whether that title belongs to a position which is #$HeadOfState or #$HeadOfGovernment (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, #$BillClinton, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui.") ;;; #$Pressure (#$isa #$Pressure #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Pressure #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Pressure #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Pressure "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Pressure represents a specific measure of a force exerted on some surface. Degrees of #$Pressure may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions or with qualitative collections (e.g., #$BruisingPressure, #$FracturingPressure, #$ImperceptiblePressure). Indicate the #$Pressure of a particular fluid with the predicate #$fluidPressure; indicate atmospheric pressure with #$barometricPressure.") ;;; #$Pride (#$isa #$Pride #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Pride #$SelfConfidence) (#$genls #$Pride #$Approval) (#$comment #$Pride "Self-esteem based upon one's actions, possessions, or relationships. #$Vanity is not necessarily entailed by #$Pride. This is a collection; see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$PrideOfMembership, #$PrideOfAccomplishment, #$Vanity, #$Patriotism, etc. ") ;;; #$PrimaryRoleUseRights (#$isa #$PrimaryRoleUseRights #$UserRightsAttribute) (#$comment #$PrimaryRoleUseRights "An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of #$UserRightsAttribute to an object is allowed to use that object in events where it performs its #$primaryFunction. A rental agreement typically gives the renter this kind of right to use of an object (such as a car, residence, videotape, etc.) Just because you rent a car, though, does not give you the right to sell it, burn it up, or repaint it.") ;;; #$PrimaryUserRights (#$isa #$PrimaryUserRights #$UserRightsAttribute) (#$comment #$PrimaryUserRights "An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of #$UserRightsAttribute to an object has priority to use that object, over other agents who can also claim a right to use it. E.g., parents have #$PrimaryUserRights to the family car. Note that the attribute #$PrimaryUserRights makes sense only for objects to which #$GroupUserRightsAttributes apply, since there must be multiple authorized users in order for priority of claims to occur.") ;;; #$Primate (#$isa #$Primate #$BiologicalOrder) (#$genls #$Primate #$Mammal) (#$genls #$Primate #$TerrestrialOrganism) (#$comment #$Primate "The collection of all primates. The collection #$Primate includes the subsets #$Person, #$Ape, #$Monkey, etc. #$Primate is an instance of #$BiologicalOrder in the #$BiologicalClass #$Mammal.") ;;; #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment (#$isa #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment #$HeadOfGovernment) (#$comment #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some element of #$Country. Examples: John Major, Benjamin Netanyahu, Lien Chen, #$AndreasPapandreou.") ;;; #$PrimitiveAttributeType (#$isa #$PrimitiveAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$PrimitiveAttributeType #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$PrimitiveAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$PrimitiveAttributeType is a collection of `primitive' attributes such as mass, distance, charge, and others which have a single (total) ordering on (usually) a real line. Note: #$PrimitiveAttributeType excludes the elements of #$UnorderedAttributeType (e.g., gender). Cf. #$CompositeAttributeType.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$PrimitiveAttributeType #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SCALABLE-QUALITY") ;;; #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation (#$isa #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation #$TemporalRelation) (#$comment #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation "#$PrimitiveTemporalRelations specify temporal relations between #$TimePoints. The only two binary predicates which are elements of this set are #$after and #$simultaneousWith. Note: The predicate `before' is unnecessary since (before x y) would be the same thing as (#$after y x))") ;;; #$PrivateSectorEmployee (#$isa #$PrivateSectorEmployee #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$PrivateSectorEmployee #$Professional) (#$comment #$PrivateSectorEmployee "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$PrivateSectorEmployee is a worker who is not paid a salary or wage by a governmental organization. For example, employees of publicly traded corporations are elements of #$PrivateSectorEmployee. Note: Private sector employees may contract with a government organization as consultants, however.") ;;; #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation (#$isa #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation #$LegalCorporation) (#$genls #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation #$Business) (#$comment #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation "An incorporated business whose stock, if it exists, is not traded publicly on some stock exchange. Businesses that are traded publicly are instances of #$PubliclyHeldCorporation.") ;;; #$ProblemSolvingCntxt (#$isa #$ProblemSolvingCntxt #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$ProblemSolvingCntxt #$MicrotheoryType) (#$isa #$ProblemSolvingCntxt #$Collection) (#$genls #$ProblemSolvingCntxt #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$ProblemSolvingCntxt "The collection of microtheories that are used in applications as a means to reason about particular situations. Every original query takes place in some #$ProblemSolvingCntxt (as opposed to a #$GeneralMicrotheory) which has access --- via the #$genlMt relation --- to other relevant microtheories, all the way up to the most general one, the #$BaseKB. A #$ProblemSolvingCntxt is ususally created temporarily for the problem at hand, and is discarded after the problem is dealt with (unlike a #$GeneralMicrotheory, which is created for lasting use).") ;;; #$ProcessPredicate (#$isa #$ProcessPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ProcessPredicate #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$comment #$ProcessPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ProcessPredicate is a predicate used in assertions that describe processes. For example, #$resourcesAvailable, #$amountOfEnergyUsed, #$signalState, #$toPossessor, #$primaryActivityType, #$exports, #$monetaryValue.") ;;; #$Product (#$isa #$Product #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Product #$Individual) (#$comment #$Product "A collection of things. Elements of #$Product are individual goods, services, investments, etc.--basically, anything which is offered (or may be exchanged) for money or trade. Examples: a Lexus sedan, a package of McDonald's french fries, a massage, a bouquet of flowers, a share in a money market fund, the services of a real estate agent, a research satellite.") ;;; #$ProductStandard (#$isa #$ProductStandard #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$ProductStandard #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$genls #$ProductStandard #$IntangibleExistingThing) (#$comment #$ProductStandard "A collection of specifications. Each element of #$ProductStandard is a precise description applied to the instances of a particular #$ProductType. Manufacturers of that product type agree explicitly or in practice, or they may obey a government requirement, to make product designs following the specifications stated in the standard, so that products within the type will all have certain features in common. For example, telephones and television sets fulfil certain product standards. The resultant interchangeability allows compatibility with other devices and products, with public utilities, commercial trading expectations, governement purchasing requirements, etc.") ;;; #$ProductType (#$isa #$ProductType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ProductType #$Collection) (#$comment #$ProductType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ProductType is a collection of things--i.e., some kind of substances, objects, actions--at least some of which are produced and/or performed and sold as products. Not all elements in such a #$ProductType collection must be products, but some are. Examples of #$ProductType: #$DairyProduct, #$HardDiskDrive, #$PlasticWrap, etc. Note that #$ProductType is not a subset of either #$ObjectType or #$StuffType, because there are products of both kinds (e.g., #$Rice-Foodstuff is a #$ProductType but not an #$ObjectType). *Many* of the collections which are elements of #$ProductType will, however, be an #$isa either #$ObjectType or #$StuffType.") ;;; #$Professional (#$isa #$Professional #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Professional #$Person) (#$comment #$Professional "A set of agents. Elements of #$Professional are agents who spend a significant part of their waking hours doing activities that are characteristic of some occupation, skilled or unskilled. However, elements of #$Professional need not be working the entire duration of when they are a professional, such as a #$Professor on summer break, or someone who is temporarily unemployed. The elements of #$Professional are persons, most of whom belong to at least one such collection during some portion of their lives. Typically their actions are performed for pay, but not always (e.g., #$Artist-Visual). What are colloquially considered professions or occupations are subsets of #$Professional; for example, #$LumberJack, #$Scientist, #$Lifeguard, #$StockBroker, #$Technician, #$CraftWorker, #$Housekeeper, #$SportsCoach, #$Athlete, #$LegalProfessional, #$Publicist, #$CrewMemberOnShip, #$SelfEmployedWorker (and many more). Additionally, other subsets of #$Professional classify workers according to other features of their working life besides skills; e.g., #$SelfEmployedWorker, #$DeskWorker. Subsets may be general (e.g., #$DeskWorker, #$Doctor-Medical) or specialized (e.g., #$ContinuingEdProgramCoordinator, #$PediatricNeuroSurgeon). Elements of #$Professional are people: #$MaryShepherd (#$HumanCyclist), #$MichaelJordan (#$Athlete), #$AlfredNorthWhitehead (#$Philosopher), #$Michelangelo (#$Sculptor, #$PainterFineArtist), #$BillClinton (#$UnitedStatesPresident), etc.") ;;; #$ProfessionalOffice (#$isa #$ProfessionalOffice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ProfessionalOffice #$LocalCustomerContactPoint) (#$comment #$ProfessionalOffice "A collection of organizations. Every element of #$ProfessionalOffice is a #$SingleSiteOrganization comprising one or more professionals (physicians, dentists, lawyers, accountants, etc.) and their support staff.") ;;; #$ProkaryoticCell (#$isa #$ProkaryoticCell #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ProkaryoticCell #$Cell) (#$genls #$ProkaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism) (#$comment #$ProkaryoticCell "The subset of #$SingleCellOrganism whose members are single-celled but lack nuclei and mitochondria. The members of the #$MoneraKingdom all belong to the collection #$ProkaryoticCell, which includes the subsets #$Bacterium and #$BlueGreenAlgae. #$ProkaryoticCell excludes viruses, protista, prions, and rickettsia. Unlike the elements of #$EukaryoticCell, prokaryotic cells are never assembled into multicellular organisms.") ;;; #$Promise (#$isa #$Promise #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Promise #$IllocutionaryForce) (#$comment #$Promise "A collection of illocutionary forces. Each instance of #$Promise consists of a piece of information contained (perhaps implicitly) in a communication, and which expresses the speaker's intention of assuring the listener that s/he, the speaker, will in the future perform the action described in that utterance and/or bring about the situation described therein. A promise, unlike an offer, is not conditional on the acceptance of the listener. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce, #$MakingAPromise.") ;;; #$Pronoun (#$isa #$Pronoun #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$Pronoun #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$Pronoun "The collection of all pronouns. Pronouns are indexicals which can replace nouns. Example: `she'.") ;;; #$ProperNameString (#$isa #$ProperNameString #$IDStringType) (#$genls #$ProperNameString #$IDString) (#$comment #$ProperNameString "The collection of all proper names, considered as character strings. This includes, as elements, city names such as ``Dallas'', people's names such as ``Douglas'', company names such as ``Apple'', conference names, book titles, etc.") ;;; #$ProperNoun (#$isa #$ProperNoun #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$ProperNoun #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$ProperNoun "The collection of all proper nouns. Proper nouns are usually capitalized, and they usually denote some particular person, place, or thing. Many proper nouns cannot be preceded by a determiner, and many have no plural form. Example: `Dallas'.") ;;; #$Proposal (#$isa #$Proposal #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$Proposal #$Agreement) (#$comment #$Proposal "A collection of agreements. Each element of #$Proposal is an agreement to which only one party (namely, the proposer) has agreed. Proposals are usually part of some #$Negotiating process. If a proposal is accepted by all parties, they all then become #$agreeingAgents in an agreement based on that proposal. For example, an instance of #$BidOnSale states the terms at which a potential seller will supply goods to the agent who requested bids. If a particular seller's bid is accepted, then some instance of #$SalesContract is drawn up to which both parties agree; it includes the terms of the bid, along with any additions such as information about how or when the buyer will pay.") ;;; #$Proposition (#$isa #$Proposition #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Proposition #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$Proposition #$ComputationalObject) (#$comment #$Proposition "A collection of computational objects. Each element of #$Proposition is an abstract propositional claim that has some truth value in some world. An abstract proposition is assumed to be representable by a statement in some logical language, and usually in one or more natural languages. Most formal languages (such as predicate calculus) and natural languages (such as English) are capable of composing propositions from fragments that are other propositions. Elements of the subset #$CycFormula (q.v.) are statements in such a language.") ;;; #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot (#$isa #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot #$ModalRelationship) (#$genls #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$genls #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot "The collection of #$BinaryPredicates in Cyc which represent the various propositional attitudes. Examples include #$beliefs, #$desires, #$biases, #$knows, #$opinions, #$expects, #$intends, #$goals, #$notices, etc.") ;;; #$PropositionalInformationThing (#$isa #$PropositionalInformationThing #$MicrotheoryType) (#$isa #$PropositionalInformationThing #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$PropositionalInformationThing #$MentalObject) (#$genls #$PropositionalInformationThing #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$PropositionalInformationThing "A collection of intangible objects. Each element of #$PropositionalInformationThing is a chunk of abstract propositional information (`a PIT' abbreviates `a propositional information thing'). Such a chunk of information may consist of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not intrinsically encoded in any particular language, but it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the meaningful contents of information bearing things. Physical things--objects or events--which are elements of #$InformationBearingThing are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody, by using the predicate #$containsInformation (q.v.). An element of #$PropositionalInformationThing may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed verbally or symbolically in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture; or a PIT may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of #$Mathematics, which is embodied in many and various sources. More examples: the story embodied in a showing of the movie `Citizen Kane', the information in my resume, the content of a conversation in American Sign Language, and the information contained in the #$CycKB, may all be represented as PITs. Note that the collection #$PropositionalInformationThing is a subset of #$Microtheory, which makes the Cyc inference mechanisms for handling microtheories available to manage the propositional content of information bearing things. See also #$Microtheory and #$ist-Information.") ;;; #$ProtectiveAttire (#$isa #$ProtectiveAttire #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ProtectiveAttire #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ProtectiveAttire #$SomethingToWear) (#$genls #$ProtectiveAttire #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$ProtectiveAttire "A collection of objects. Each element of #$ProtectiveAttire is something to wear that is designed for protection from the elements or from injury. Some subsets of #$ProtectiveAttire include the collections #$SnowGoggles, #$SurgicalGlove, #$WeldingMask, #$Helmet, #$BoxingHeadGear, #$FaceMaskForCatcher, #$FirefightersCoat, #$RainGear.") ;;; #$ProtheticSlot (#$isa #$ProtheticSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ProtheticSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$ProtheticSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ProtheticSlot is a binary predicate whose range of values, for any particular element in its domain, must form at least a partial ordering. Examples: #$arity, #$latitude, #$pathGrade, #$faxNumberPrefix, #$streetOfAddress.") ;;; #$ProtistaKingdom (#$isa #$ProtistaKingdom #$BiologicalKingdom) (#$comment #$ProtistaKingdom "A #$BiologicalKingdom proposed to include primarily single-celled, eukaryotic organisms such as #$Algae, $#Protozoans, and #$SlimeMolds.") ;;; #$Proton (#$isa #$Proton #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Proton #$Nucleon) (#$comment #$Proton "A collection of objects; a subset of #$Nucleon. Each instance of #$Proton is a nucleon which has an #$ElectricalCharge of +1.") ;;; #$Protozoan (#$isa #$Protozoan #$BiologicalSubkingdom) (#$genls #$Protozoan #$SingleCellOrganism) (#$genls #$Protozoan #$EukaryoticCell) (#$comment #$Protozoan "The collection of protozoa; a subset of #$SingleCellOrganism. Elements of #$Protozoan are also elements of #$EukaryoticCell. Subsets include #$Amoeba and many others. Protozoa lack cell walls made of cellulose. Many protozoa are motile, using pseudopoda, cilia, or flagella to move. Some cause diseases in larger organisms. The class #$Protozoan is an instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom in many classification systems, sometimes placed under the #$ProtistaKingdom.") ;;; #$PsychologicalAilment (#$isa #$PsychologicalAilment #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$PsychologicalAilment #$AilmentCondition) (#$comment #$PsychologicalAilment "The collection of ailments that are classified as psychological due to their origin and/or manifestation in the mind of the sufferer rather than (or at least in addition to, and perhaps causing) manifestations in the sufferer's body. Having a brain tumor is not an element of this collection, but imagining that you have one is an element of #$PsychologicalAilment, and so is the deep case of depression you fall into once you believe (rightly or wrongly) that you have a brain tumor. Some subsets of this collection are the collections #$Phobia, #$Depression-PsychologicalCondition, and #$PanicAttack.") ;;; #$PublicEvent (#$isa #$PublicEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$PublicEvent #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$PublicEvent "The collection of #$Events which occur in front of, or in the contemporaneous awareness of, a large number of #$Persons -- #$ThePublic. Usually these are intended to be public events, such as the Olympics, a public beheading, etc.") ;;; #$PublicOfficial (#$isa #$PublicOfficial #$PositionType) (#$genls #$PublicOfficial #$PublicSectorEmployee) (#$comment #$PublicOfficial "A collection of persons; a subset of #$PublicSectorEmployee. Each element of #$PublicOfficial is a person who holds a position that is directly involved with some aspect of governing a country (or a sub-region of it). Many public offices in democratically governed countries are filled by election; some are filled by appointment. In other countries, public offices are sometimes filled by succession or by military decree. Note: Cyc represents a public office, such as #$Mayor or #$UnitedStatesPresident, as the collection of officials who have held that office, together with axioms describing their responsibilities. #$PublicOfficial is a #$PositionType.") ;;; #$PublicSectorEmployee (#$isa #$PublicSectorEmployee #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$PublicSectorEmployee #$Professional) (#$comment #$PublicSectorEmployee "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$PublicSectorEmployee is a person who is employed by a local, state (or provincial), or national government. This collection includes both those who are employed directly in government administration (e.g., elected and appointed officials, tax officers, police and military personnel, other regulatory agents) and those who are employed in support services wholly funded by the government (e.g., postal employees, public school teachers, firefighters, unionized government workers, etc.).") ;;; #$PubliclyHeldCorporation (#$isa #$PubliclyHeldCorporation #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PubliclyHeldCorporation #$Business) (#$genls #$PubliclyHeldCorporation #$LegalCorporation) (#$comment #$PubliclyHeldCorporation "A collection of businesses; a subset of #$LegalCorporation. An element of #$PubliclyHeldCorporation is an incorporated business whose #$Stock is traded publicly on some stock exchange or another public securities market. Businesses that are not traded publicly are instances of #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation.") ;;; #$PublishedMaterial (#$isa #$PublishedMaterial #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$PublishedMaterial #$InformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$PublishedMaterial "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$PublishedMaterial is an IBO that belongs to a set of multiple copies which have identical information contents, embodied in similar physical form, and which have been produced for distribution. #$PublishedMaterial includes the published elements of #$TextualMaterial (e.g., books and magazines); software duplicated for sale or distribution; and mass-produced elements of #$RecordedSoundProduct. Periodicals, advertisements, commercial films, annual business reports, tax schedules, all are sub-classes of #$PublishedMaterial. Examples of #$PublishedMaterial: Cycorp's copy of `The New York Times' for July 4, 1996; my paperback copy of the novel `Parade's End'; Bill's copy of OS/2; Lisa's copy of `The White Album'. See also #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType.") ;;; #$PulverizationEvent (#$isa #$PulverizationEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PulverizationEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$PulverizationEvent #$Separation-Complete) (#$genls #$PulverizationEvent #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$PulverizationEvent "A collection of events. In each #$PulverizationEvent, some #$SolidTangibleThing is turned into #$Powder or a #$LiquidStateOfMatter through the application of a force.") ;;; #$PureCompound (#$isa #$PureCompound #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$PureCompound #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$PureCompound #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$PureCompound "A collection of tangible stuffs. Each instance of #$PureCompound is a chemically pure portion of stuff belonging to some particular #$ChemicalCompoundType (e.g., #$Carbon, #$Water, #$Cellulose). `Chemically pure' applies to a piece of stuff which has no sub-portions which fail to conform to the chemical composition of its (single) #$ChemicalCompoundType. Since this kind of purity is relative to specified chemical composition only, #$PureCompound (and #$PureFn) does not pertain to mixtures in Cyc (such as #$Air). Cf. #$Mixture, #$ChemicalCompoundType.") ;;; #$PureCompoundType (#$isa #$PureCompoundType #$Collection) (#$genls #$PureCompoundType #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$comment #$PureCompoundType "A collection of collections. Every instance of #$PureCompoundType is a collection which is a subset of both #$PureCompound and of some particular #$ChemicalCompoundType (e.g., #$Carbon, #$Water, #$Cellulose). Each instance of #$PureCompoundType is defined ONLY by the properties of its #$ChemicalCompoundType, and of #$PureCompound (q.v.). For example, (#$PureFn #$Fructose) is an instance of #$PureCompoundType, but the subsets of #$Fructose, such as (say) `pure fructose derived from honey' would not be instances of #$PureCompoundType.") ;;; #$PureFn (#$isa #$PureFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$PureFn #$PureCompoundType) (#$resultGenl #$PureFn #$PureCompound) (#$arg1Isa #$PureFn #$ChemicalCompoundType) (#$arg1Genl #$PureFn #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$PureFn "#$PureFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$PureFn X) denotes the subset of the #$ChemicalCompoundType X whose instances are chemically pure. Note that #$PureFn can be applied only to instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType (such as #$Fructose or #$Water), but not to mixtures (such as #$Air). See also #$PureCompound.") ;;; #$PureSpace (#$isa #$PureSpace #$StuffType) (#$genls #$PureSpace #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$PureSpace "The collection of all portions, regions, or quantities of empty space (whether connected in one piece or unconnected, in multiple pieces). The meaning of `empty' depends on context. A high energy physics microtheory might define `empty' as containing no particles, thus an element of #$PureSpace would be a complete vacuum. But an element of #$PureSpace in #$AmbientConditionsMt would be a piece of #$Atmosphere. An undersea context could treat #$PureSpace as seawater. Elements of #$PureSpace are not committed to tangibility, so elements may be intangible or abstract pieces of space.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$PureSpace #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SPACE") ;;; #$PureTime (#$isa #$PureTime #$StuffType) (#$genls #$PureTime #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$comment #$PureTime "Abstract time itself, including all time from the past, present and future, irrespective of any defining (relevant) #$Events, or containing no (relevant) #$Events. Elements are always intangible, abstract featureless times, either all of time or some temporal event-free or relevant-event-free subpart thereof. An instance of #$PureTime need not have any starting or ending points, either defined or implicit. #$PureTime is 'empty' of relevant or salient #$Events; what is relevant or salient depends on the context. In a physics context, the background buzz of atoms may be relevant events, whereas that would not be relevant during a non-state-change of an electronic device, or a boring wait for a train. See also #$TimeInterval.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$PureTime #$SENSUS-Information1997 "TIME") ;;; #$PurposefulAction (#$isa #$PurposefulAction #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$PurposefulAction #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$PurposefulAction #$MentalActivity) (#$genls #$PurposefulAction #$Action) (#$comment #$PurposefulAction "#$PurposefulAction is the collection of actions in which at least one actor is consciously, volitionally, purposefully doing the action (i.e., there is one or more #$deliberateActors (q.v.)).") ;;; #$PuttingOnAClothingItem (#$isa #$PuttingOnAClothingItem #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$PuttingOnAClothingItem #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$PuttingOnAClothingItem #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$PuttingOnAClothingItem #$HandlingAnObject) (#$comment #$PuttingOnAClothingItem "A collection of events. Each element of #$PuttingOnAClothingItem is an event in which some wearable item is donned. Such an event may be performed either by the wearer or by someone else (e.g., putting on a horse's bridle or a child's mittens). After an element of #$PuttingOnAClothingItem occurs, there exists an element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.), i.e., the situation in which the item donned is #$wornOn the body of the wearer.") ;;; #$QualitativeTimeOfDay (#$isa #$QualitativeTimeOfDay #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$QualitativeTimeOfDay #$Event) (#$comment #$QualitativeTimeOfDay "Instances of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay are #$Events, not just #$TimeIntervals. They are celestial events such as instances of #$Dawn, #$Morning, #$Evening, etc. On #$PlanetEarth, each of these is of course synchronized with the daily cycle of the calendar, but its absolute timing (#$startingPoint and #$endingPoint) depends on the season and the observer's location on the planet's surface.") ;;; #$Quantifier (#$isa #$Quantifier #$RelationType) (#$genls #$Quantifier #$Relationship) (#$comment #$Quantifier "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$Quantifier represents a relationship between a variable and a formula. In Cyc, a quantifier binds the variable found in its first argument within the formula that appears as its second argument. Elements of #$Quantifier in CycL include #$forAll, #$thereExists, #$thereExistExactly, #$thereExistAtLeast, #$thereExistAtMost.") ;;; #$QuantitySlot (#$isa #$QuantitySlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$QuantitySlot #$ProtheticSlot) (#$comment #$QuantitySlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$QuantitySlot is a binary predicate that takes a quantity as the value of its second argument. In Cyc, those quantities are elements of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.). Examples of #$QuantitySlot: #$distanceTranslated, #$spatialExtent, #$densityOfObject. See also #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot.") ;;; #$QuarterFn (#$isa #$QuarterFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$QuarterFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$QuarterFn #$CalendarQuarter) (#$arg1Isa #$QuarterFn #$PositiveInteger) (#$arg2Isa #$QuarterFn #$CalendarYear) (#$comment #$QuarterFn "(#$QuarterFn ?N ?YR) denotes the Nth #$CalendarQuarter of the year ?YR. For example, (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1966)) denotes the second quarter of 1966.") ;;; #$QuartersDuration (#$isa #$QuartersDuration #$UnitOfTime) (#$isa #$QuartersDuration #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$QuartersDuration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$QuartersDuration #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$QuartersDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$argsIsa #$QuartersDuration #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$QuartersDuration "This is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some amount of #$Time. An expression of the form (#$QuartersDuration ?min ?max) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is at least ?min quarter-years and at most ?max quarter-years. (#$QuartersDuration ?num) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is exactly ?num quarter-years.") ;;; #$QuasiOrderedSet (#$isa #$QuasiOrderedSet #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$QuasiOrderedSet #$SetWithStructure) (#$comment #$QuasiOrderedSet "The collection of all quasiordered sets (also called quasiorders, semiorders, quosets or pseudo-ordered sets), each being a #$SetWithStructure consisting of a set together with a quasiordering relation on that set. Mathematical #$PartiallyOrderedSets, including directed chains, trees, forests, and lattices, are special cases of #$QuasiOrderedSet, but unlike the former, #$QuasiOrderedSets can have relational cycles. The quasiordering relation is defined on the associated set, and is transitive on that set and reflexive on that set (it need not be antisymmetric, asymmetric or symmetric on that set). Sometimes the members of the #$QuasiOrderedSet are called its nodes, and the non-redundant (transitively reduced) pairwise relations between the nodes are called its links. A #$QuasiOrderedSet may be finite or infinite, and connected or unconnected. (Note: A #$QuasiOrderedSet is not a #$SetOrCollection, rather it is a #$SetWithStructure that has an associated #$SetOrCollection.)") ;;; #$QuaternaryPredicate (#$isa #$QuaternaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$isa #$QuaternaryPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$QuaternaryPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$QuaternaryPredicate "#$QuaternaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take four arguments.") ;;; #$Query (#$isa #$Query #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Query #$IllocutionaryForce) (#$comment #$Query "A collection of illocutionary forces. Each instance of #$Query consists of a piece of information contained (perhaps implicitly) in a communication, and which expresses the speaker's intention of asking the listener whether the state of affairs described in the utterance in fact holds. The speaker's ultimate goal may be either to learn the information or to test the knowledge of the agent queried. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce, #$RequestingInformation.") ;;; #$QuintaryPredicate (#$isa #$QuintaryPredicate #$RelationType) (#$isa #$QuintaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$QuintaryPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$QuintaryPredicate "#$QuintaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take five arguments.") ;;; #$QuotientFn (#$isa #$QuotientFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$QuotientFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$QuotientFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg2Isa #$QuotientFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$QuotientFn "#$QuotientFn is the division operator, a binary mathematical function. (#$QuotientFn DIVIDEND DIVISOR) yields a new quantity that is the result of dividing the DIVIDEND by DIVISOR. For example, (#$QuotientFn 24 6) returns 4.") ;;; #$RSTRelation (#$isa #$RSTRelation #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$RSTRelation #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$comment #$RSTRelation "A set of predicates describing possible relations between text constituents. These predicates are roughly adopted from work in Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann & Thompson) and the SENSUS ontology (Hovy). Typically, these relations serve as necessary coherence links between segments of a text.") ;;; #$RadiallySymmetricObject (#$isa #$RadiallySymmetricObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RadiallySymmetricObject #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$RadiallySymmetricObject "The collection of objects which are radially symmetric, such as wheels, starfish, etc.") ;;; #$Radian (#$isa #$Radian #$UnitOfAngularDistance) (#$isa #$Radian #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Radian #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Radian #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Radian #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Radian #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Radian "This is the basic unit of angular measure. 2 radians make a complete circle.") ;;; #$RadiansPerSecond (#$isa #$RadiansPerSecond #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$RadiansPerSecond #$UnitOfAngularSpeed) (#$isa #$RadiansPerSecond #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$RadiansPerSecond #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$RadiansPerSecond #$RateOfRotation) (#$resultIsa #$RadiansPerSecond #$Rate) (#$resultIsa #$RadiansPerSecond #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$RadiansPerSecond #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$RadiansPerSecond "The basic measure of #$RateOfRotation.") ;;; #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond (#$isa #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond #$UnitOfAngularAcceleration) (#$isa #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond #$AngularAccelerationRate) (#$resultIsa #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$RadiansPerSecondPerSecond "The basic measure of angular acceleration") ;;; #$RadiationResistance (#$isa #$RadiationResistance #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$RadiationResistance #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$RadiationResistance #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$RadiationResistance "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$RadiationResistance represents a specific capacity of a tangible object to resist radiation. Degrees of #$RadiationResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$RadiationResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToRadiation.") ;;; #$RadioWave (#$isa #$RadioWave #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$RadioWave #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$RadioWave #$ElectromagneticRadiation) (#$comment #$RadioWave "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$RadioWave is an instance of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range from approximately 1 centimeters (1x10^8 #$Angstrom) to 3,000,000 meters (3x10^18 #$Angstrom), and a frequency of approximately 10^8 #$Hertz to 10^2 #$Hertz. This includes the spectrum for RadioWave-UHF, RadioWave-VHF, RadioWave-FM, RadioWave-AM, and several other types of common use #$ElectromagneticRadiation.") ;;; #$RailroadStation-Physical (#$isa #$RailroadStation-Physical #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RailroadStation-Physical #$Building) (#$comment #$RailroadStation-Physical "The collection of all railroad stations (train station buildings). These are buildings located near railroad tracks and their primary purpose is to be a place where trains discharge and receive passengers (and possibly freight).") ;;; #$Railway (#$isa #$Railway #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Railway #$PathForWheeledVehicles) (#$comment #$Railway "The collection of all pathways made of RailroadTracks and used for train transportation. It includes main lines and sidings.") ;;; #$RainProcess (#$isa #$RainProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$RainProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$RainProcess #$PrecipitationProcess) (#$comment #$RainProcess "The collection of events in which the condensed liquid water in clouds forms droplets (or ice cystals which subsequently melt) substantial enough to fall to the surface of the earth.") ;;; #$Raindrop (#$isa #$Raindrop #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Raindrop (#$LiquidFn #$Water)) (#$genls #$Raindrop #$PrecipitationParticle) (#$comment #$Raindrop "The collection of drops of liquid water emitted by clouds in instances of #$RainProcess.") ;;; #$Raininess (#$isa #$Raininess #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Raininess #$WeatherAttribute) (#$genls #$Raininess #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Raininess #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Raininess "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$Raininess describes the intensity with which it is raining at an #$OutdoorLocation. (At the low extreme, it is not raining at all.) Degrees of raininess may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$Rainy), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The raininess of a location is indicated with the predicate #$raininessOfRegion.") ;;; #$Rainy (#$isa #$Rainy #$Raininess) (#$genlAttributes #$Rainy #$Cloudy) (#$comment #$Rainy "The #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation at which it is raining.") ;;; #$Rate (#$isa #$Rate #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$Rate #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Rate "A subset of #$ScalarInterval, whose elements are an amount of some property, taken with respect to some unit of time. Elements of #$Rate include, for example, the instances of #$Speed (e.g., 55 mph), #$Frequency (e.g., 55 kHz), #$MonetaryFlowRate (e.g., 55 cents per minute). See #$UnitOfRate for the units used by Cyc to measure rates (e.g., #$DollarsPerYear, #$MetersPerSecond).") ;;; #$RateOfRotation (#$isa #$RateOfRotation #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$RateOfRotation #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$RateOfRotation #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$RateOfRotation "A collection of scalar rates of rotation.") ;;; #$RationalNumber (#$isa #$RationalNumber #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$RationalNumber #$RealNumber) (#$comment #$RationalNumber "The collection of all rational numbers; a subset of #$RealNumber. Each element of #$RationalNumber is a number that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers, i.e., a ratio. For example, 3/4, 2 1/8, 0.3333333..., 11/5.") ;;; #$Reading (#$isa #$Reading #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Reading #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Reading #$AccessingAnIBT) (#$genls #$Reading #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$Reading "The collection of acts of reading #$TextualMaterial. These may be for extracting some sort of information from the text, for entertainment, for prurient stimulation, or to test reading skills.") ;;; #$RealEstate (#$isa #$RealEstate #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$RealEstate #$ProductType) (#$genls #$RealEstate #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$RealEstate "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$RealEstate is either a parcel of land or a land-based property that can be bought, sold, or rented. This includes buildings and parts of buildings such as office suites or condominiums, as well as parcels of land. Some prominent examples: #$GuantanamoNavalBase, #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway, #$WorldTradeCenter.") ;;; #$RealNumber (#$isa #$RealNumber #$Collection) (#$isa #$RealNumber #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$RealNumber #$ScalarPointValue) (#$genls #$RealNumber #$IntervalOnNumberLine) (#$genls #$RealNumber #$Number-General) (#$comment #$RealNumber "The collection of all the minimal intervals (i.e., points) on the number line; a subset of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Each element of #$RealNumber is a single point on the real number line, from #$MinusInfinity to #$PlusInfinity. Subsets of #$RealNumber include #$Integer, #$RationalNumber, #$NegativeNumber, #$PrimeNumber, and others. Note: Real numbers, like other elements of #$IntervalOnNumberLine, are measured along a single number `line'; but complex numbers, quaternions, etc., are n-tuples of numbers, and therefore are elements of #$NTupleInterval. For example, #$ComplexNumber is a subset of #$NTupleInterval") ;;; #$Receiving (#$isa #$Receiving #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Receiving #$TransferIn) (#$comment #$Receiving "A collection of events; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Receiving is an event in which something `comes in' to an object. Typically, a receiving has associated with it an element of #$Translocation; a particular receiving and its associated translocation(s) are related by the predicate #$transferInSubEvent. If the thing which `comes in' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible (such as a baseball, or a SCUD missile), then its reception belongs to the specialized subset, #$ReceivingAnObject (q.v.). If the translocation associated with the receiving is an instance of #$WavePropagation (such as a radio broadcast, or heat radiation from the Sun), then the receiving belongs to the subset #$ReceivingAWave (q.v.).") ;;; #$ReceivingAWave (#$isa #$ReceivingAWave #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$ReceivingAWave #$Receiving) (#$comment #$ReceivingAWave "A collection of events; a subset of #$Receiving. Each element of #$ReceivingAWave is an event in which an instance of #$WavePropagation is received at a #$toLocation. For example, my CD player receiving an infrared signal from the remote control; hearing a sound of distant thunder; a radio telescope receiving signals from a celestial body. See also #$WavePropagation.") ;;; #$ReceivingAnObject (#$isa #$ReceivingAnObject #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ReceivingAnObject #$Receiving) (#$comment #$ReceivingAnObject "A collection of events, #$ReceivingAnObject is a subset of the collection #$Receiving. An instance of #$ReceivingAnObject is an event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectMoving, i.e., the thing which `comes in' to the receiver (the #$toLocation). For example, the #$objectMoving on an occasion when Lynn Swann received a pass from Terry Bradshaw during a Steelers' game would be a football (i.e., some instance of #$Football-American) and the passing/receiving event itself would be a #$ReceivingAnObject.") ;;; #$RecordedSoundProduct (#$isa #$RecordedSoundProduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$RecordedSoundProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$RecordedSoundProduct #$PartiallyTangibleProduct) (#$genls #$RecordedSoundProduct #$PublishedMaterial) (#$comment #$RecordedSoundProduct "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$PublishedMaterial. Each element of #$RecordedSoundProduct is a sound recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content. Typically, #$RecordedSoundProduct includes audio recordings (on audio cassettes, CDs, vinyl records) prepared and duplicated for sale as a product. See also #$AudioRecordedObject.") ;;; #$RecordedVideoProduct (#$isa #$RecordedVideoProduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$RecordedVideoProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$RecordedVideoProduct #$PublishedMaterial) (#$genls #$RecordedVideoProduct #$PartiallyTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$RecordedVideoProduct "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$PublishedMaterial. Each element of #$RecordedVideoProduct is a video recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content. Typically, #$RecordedVideoProduct includes video recordings (on videotape, laserdiscs, etc.) prepared and duplicated for sale as a product. See also #$VideoRecording.") ;;; #$RecoveringFromAilment (#$isa #$RecoveringFromAilment #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$RecoveringFromAilment #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$RecoveringFromAilment #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$RecoveringFromAilment #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$RecoveringFromAilment "A collection of events. In an instance of #$RecoveringFromAilment, some member of #$BiologicalLivingObject recovers from an #$AilmentCondition it has at the beginning of this recovery period.") ;;; #$RectangularSolidFn (#$isa #$RectangularSolidFn #$ShapeFunction) (#$resultIsa #$RectangularSolidFn #$AbstractShape) (#$arg1Isa #$RectangularSolidFn #$Distance) (#$arg2Isa #$RectangularSolidFn #$Distance) (#$arg3Isa #$RectangularSolidFn #$Distance) (#$comment #$RectangularSolidFn "The Cyc function #$RectangularSolidFn is a #$ShapeFunction (q.v.). (#$RectangularSolidFn LN BR HT) returns an abstract rectangular solid of length LN, breadth BR, and height HT. For example, the #$shape of a 2-by-4 stud is #$Rectangular3DShape; it #$fitsIn the shape denoted by (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Inch 2) (#$Inch 4) (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 8)).") ;;; #$ReferenceWork (#$isa #$ReferenceWork #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ReferenceWork #$TextualMaterial) (#$comment #$ReferenceWork "The set of all documents that provide a more or less non-speculative, `fact-oriented,' comprehensive description of some knowledge domain.") ;;; #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate (#$isa #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$isa #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate "The collection of all binary predicates ?pred such that (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?PRED #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa ?PRED ?ARG1) (#$arg2Isa ?PRED ?ARG2) (#$isa ?OBJ ?ARG1) (#$isa ?OBJ ?ARG2)) (?PRED ?OBJ ?OBJ)).") ;;; #$RegionType (#$isa #$RegionType #$Collection) (#$genls #$RegionType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$RegionType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$RegionType is a collection of spatial regions.Such collections have elements that are identifiable subregions of objects, but that are not themselves independent objects. Collections that are elements of #$RegionType include #$PalmOfHand, #$Doorway, #$Wall-GenericBarrier, #$WorkSurface, #$Handle, and many others.") ;;; #$RegionalGovernment (#$isa #$RegionalGovernment #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RegionalGovernment #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$comment #$RegionalGovernment "A collection of government organizations; a subset of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization. An element of #$RegionalGovernment is a government organization which controls a particular geopolitical region (e.g., a country, state, city, county, etc). The #$subOrganizations of an element of #$RegionalGovernment may include such function-specific #$Departments (q.v.) as legislatures, cabinets, police departments, Boards of Education, and miscellaneous regulatory agencies (which are also #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations). The #$subOrganizations of a #$RegionalGovernment do not include other #$RegionalGovernments.") ;;; #$ReifiableFunction (#$isa #$ReifiableFunction #$RelationType) (#$isa #$ReifiableFunction #$Collection) (#$genls #$ReifiableFunction #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$comment #$ReifiableFunction "The collection of all Cyc functions whose values can be reified and treated like Cyc constants. Using reifiable functions allow us to add to the KB efficiently; e.g., (#$GovernmentFn #$France) can be treated more or less the same as if we had created a new constant term called `GovernmentOfFrance', and #$GovernmentFn can be applied to any element of #$GeopoliticalEntity to produce such a reified term representing the region's government. On the other hand, it is not desirable to reify every non-atomic term; for example, all the measurable quantities, such as (#$Inch 5), and the numbers which result from using elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (e.g., #$PlusFn). Thus, #$IndividualDenotingFunction does not and should NOT have #$ReifiableFunction as a #$genls, because #$IndividualDenotingFunction includes the elements of #$UnitOfMeasure and other functions whose uses we don't want to reify. See also #$NonPredicateFunction, #$ReifiableTerm.") ;;; #$ReifiableTerm (#$isa #$ReifiableTerm #$ReifiableTerm) (#$isa #$ReifiableTerm #$Collection) (#$genls #$ReifiableTerm #$CycIndexedTerm) (#$comment #$ReifiableTerm "A collection of Cyc terms. All CycL constants are elements of #$ReifiableTerms, as is any NAT (non-atomic term; see #$NonPredicateFunction) whose function is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$ReifiableTerm. [Implementation-level Footnote: At the present time, all assertions of the form (#$isa TERM #$ReifiableTerm) are recorded and checked specially, as compared to other sorts of assertions; see #$defnIff.]") ;;; #$RelationType (#$isa #$RelationType #$Collection) (#$genls #$RelationType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$RelationType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$RelationType is a collection of relations used in Cyc, including predicates, lambda functions, mathematical functions, non-atomic terms, and other types. Examples: #$UnaryFunction, #$LogicalConnective, #$IndividualDenotingFunction, #$GenericTimePredicate, #$LanguageDescribingPredicate, #$ModalRelationship.") ;;; #$Relationship (#$isa #$Relationship #$RelationType) (#$isa #$Relationship #$Collection) (#$genls #$Relationship #$MathematicalObject) (#$genls #$Relationship #$Individual) (#$comment #$Relationship "A collection of abstract objects. Each element of #$Relationship represents some kind of relation. Some elements of #$Relationship are truth-valued, that is, when applied to arguments, they yield statements which are true or false. That includes elements of the following subsets of #$Relationship: #$Predicate, #$LogicalConnective, and #$Quantifier. Other elements of #$Relationship yield new terms, rather than just true or false -- among them are all the members of #$NonPredicateFunction. Syntactically, elements of #$Relationship are Cyc constants that can legally appear in the `zero-th' argument place of a CycL expression, i.e., immediately after the opening parenthesis in a CycL expression.") ;;; #$RelationshipPredicate (#$isa #$RelationshipPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$RelationshipPredicate #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$comment #$RelationshipPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$RelationshipPredicate is a predicate used to describe relationships between intangible or abstract objects. Examples: #$subEquations, #$subFunctions, #$maxQuantValue, #$meanQuantValue, #$expectedValue, #$derivativesOfFunction, #$rangeOfDistribution, #$inverseFunc, #$lessLikelyThan.") ;;; #$RelativeHumidity (#$isa #$RelativeHumidity #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$RelativeHumidity #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$RelativeHumidity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$RelativeHumidity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$RelativeHumidity represent the extent to which the atmosphere at a location approaches total saturation with water vapor. The relative humidity of a location is indicated with the predicate #$ambientRelativeHumidity.") ;;; #$Relaxed-Emotion (#$isa #$Relaxed-Emotion #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Relaxed-Emotion #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Relaxed-Emotion "The feeling of being emotionally relaxed, of having no pressing troubles or duties weighing on one, of being at ease and untroubled. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm.") ;;; #$Relief-TheEmotion (#$isa #$Relief-TheEmotion #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Relief-TheEmotion #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Relief-TheEmotion "Emotion aroused by the removal or lightening of something oppressive, distressing, or painful. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Religion (#$isa #$Religion #$BeliefSystemType) (#$genls #$Religion #$BeliefSystem) (#$comment #$Religion "The collection of all religions or equivalent sets of beliefs that answer the `big questions' about creation, existence, etc. Some elements of this are: #$AnimistReligion, #$Catholicism, #$Atheism, etc.") ;;; #$ReligiousHoliday (#$isa #$ReligiousHoliday #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$ReligiousHoliday #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ReligiousHoliday #$Holiday) (#$comment #$ReligiousHoliday "Each #$ReligiousHoliday is a #$Holiday which is specified by some religious tradition. Note that individuals may observe or otherwise participate in a #$ReligiousHoliday without being members of the associated #$Religion.") ;;; #$ReligiousOrganization (#$isa #$ReligiousOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ReligiousOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$ReligiousOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ReligiousOrganization is a #$BeliefSystemFocusGroup whose members share religious beliefs, together with meetings, rituals, or practices related to those beliefs. The collection #$ReligiousOrganization includes elements of #$LocalReligiousCongregation such as local churches, temples, mosques and shrines (qua organizations), as well as worldwide religious organizations such as #$TheRomanCatholicChurch.") ;;; #$RemovingSomething (#$isa #$RemovingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$RemovingSomething #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$RemovingSomething #$Translation-Complete) (#$genls #$RemovingSomething #$Translation-LocationChange) (#$genls #$RemovingSomething #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion) (#$comment #$RemovingSomething "A collection of events. During an instance of #$RemovingSomething, the #$objectRemoved is separated from an object or configuration to which it belonged prior to the removal event. In different types of removals, either the #$objectRemoved or the thing it was associated with may be destroyed; or both may survive. Examples of #$RemovingSomething include: someone unwrapping a present, undressing, digging up a root, removing an appendix, and stripping wax off a floor.") ;;; #$Renting (#$isa #$Renting #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$Renting #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Renting #$MoneyTransaction) (#$genls #$Renting #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights) (#$genls #$Renting #$TransferringPossession) (#$genls #$Renting #$MakingSomethingAvailable) (#$genls #$Renting #$CommercialActivity) (#$genls #$Renting #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights) (#$genls #$Renting #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$Renting "A collection of events; a subset of #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights (among other supersets). Each element of #$Renting is an event during which one agent grants to another agent the use of an object (owned or controlled by the first agent) in exchange for some remuneration. The schedule of payment may vary, depending upon the rental period, type of object involved, type of usage granted, and/or other considerations. The agent providing the object to rent is called the #$fromPossessor; the agent paying to use the object is called the #$toPossessor. Those agents enter into an #$Agreement (q.v.). Examples of #$Renting might include: Fred renting a particular apartment last year; Jane renting a car all this week; Jack renting a canoe on Saturday morning. See also #$PrimaryRoleUseRights.") ;;; #$RentingFn (#$isa #$RentingFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$RentingFn #$ScriptType) (#$resultIsa #$RentingFn #$ProductType) (#$resultIsa #$RentingFn #$TemporalObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$RentingFn #$Renting) (#$arg1Isa #$RentingFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$RentingFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$RentingFn "#$RentingFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It returns a subset of actions which are instances of #$Renting. (#$RentingFn TYPE) denotes the collection of events in which an #$Agent gets the use and/or possession (but not ownership) of an instance of TYPE by paying some #$Money to the owner. For instance, (#$RentingFn #$Automobile) returns a set of all the events in which an agent rents an automobile. Note: That means that the value of (#$RentingFn #$Automobile) is both extensionally and intensionally the same as the collection #$RentingOfAutomobile.") ;;; #$ReproductiveSystem (#$isa #$ReproductiveSystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$ReproductiveSystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$ReproductiveSystem "The collection of all animals' reproductive systems. A #$ReproductiveSystem is a system of organs used by the #$Animal for reproduction; i.e., for creating an offspring, a new member of that species. Note: Strictly speaking, it might be more accurate to describe a #$ReproductiveSystem as containing the above sorts of systems for a mated male and female of a sexual species, as only that combined system is capable of actually producing an offspring. But most of the things one wants to say about a #$ReproductiveSystem really do only make sense for one single animal at a time. So think of reproduction as a cooperative activity, such as having a conversation, where we still refer to each animal's incomplete reproductive system as a #$ReproductiveSystem.") ;;; #$Reptile (#$isa #$Reptile #$BiologicalClass) (#$genls #$Reptile #$Vertebrate) (#$genls #$Reptile #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$comment #$Reptile "The collection of reptiles; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Reptile is an air-breathing, cold-blooded animal which has a body covered by scales or bony plates. The collection #$Reptile includes the subsets #$Snake, #$Turtle, #$Lizard, etc. Members of most species of #$Reptile lay eggs; none has milk, hair, feathers, or postembryonic gills. #$Reptile is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.") ;;; #$Request (#$isa #$Request #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Request #$IllocutionaryForce) (#$comment #$Request "A collection of illocutionary forces. Each instance of #$Request consists of a piece of information contained (usually implicitly) in a communication, and which expresses the speaker's intention to ask the listener to perform the action(s) described in his/her utterance. If the listener responds positively, s/he places him/herself under an obligation to do the indicated action. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce.") ;;; #$Requesting-CommunicationAct (#$isa #$Requesting-CommunicationAct #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Requesting-CommunicationAct #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Requesting-CommunicationAct #$CommunicationAct-Single) (#$comment #$Requesting-CommunicationAct "The collection of communication acts in which one agent requests something of another. Requests are typically followed by a response.") ;;; #$RequestingInformation (#$isa #$RequestingInformation #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$RequestingInformation #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$RequestingInformation #$Requesting-CommunicationAct) (#$comment #$RequestingInformation "A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each element of this collection, somebody asks a question or requests some information. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Query.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$RequestingInformation #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ROGATIVE-ACT") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$RequestingInformation #$SENSUS-Information1997 "QUESTION") ;;; #$Research (#$isa #$Research #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Research #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Research #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$Research "What some members of ResearchOrganizations do") ;;; #$ResearchOrganization (#$isa #$ResearchOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ResearchOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$ResearchOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ResearchOrganization is an organization that carries out basic or applied research as its #$MainFunction (or one of its #$MainFunctions). It may or may not be a commercial, or a governmental, organization. For example, #$UnitedStatesSpaceProgram, Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratory at #$IBMInc, and the Hoover Institute.") ;;; #$Researcher (#$isa #$Researcher #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Researcher #$Professional) (#$comment #$Researcher "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Researcher is a person who performs research as his or her main occupation. This collection includes academicians, clinical investigators, experimental physicists, market researchers, industrial researchers, etc.") ;;; #$Resentment (#$isa #$Resentment #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Resentment #$Dislike) (#$genls #$Resentment #$Contempt) (#$genls #$Resentment #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Resentment "Indignation, displeasure, and ill will felt about something regarded as a slight, affront, insult, or indignity. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Resentment are #$Jealousy and #$Envy.") ;;; #$Respect (#$isa #$Respect #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Respect #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Respect "A feeling of just regard, consideration, or appreciation for the worth of someone or something. Note: #$Admiration (qv) is different than, or rather a more specialized form of, respect. To feel #$Respect towards someone is just to feel that s/he should be treated with politeness and consideration, as having dignity; #$Admiration and #$Wonder-Admiration implies all of that, but also implies that the target of the #$Respect actually did something special or has some special quality that sets them apart from others (or at least from the respecter). #$Respect is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Respect are #$Reverence, #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc. ") ;;; #$Respiration (#$isa #$Respiration #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Respiration #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Respiration #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary) (#$comment #$Respiration "The subset of #$PhysiologicalProcesses in which an organism performs respiration; i.e., it exchanges carbon dioxide for #$Oxygen which is used to oxygenate (in #$Vertebrates) hemoglobin, an oxygen carrier in the #$Blood distributed to all of the organism's cells. #$Respiration concerns the exchange of #$Oxygen and waste gasses with the environment. Circulation concerns distributing the oxygenated #$Blood to the cells. The oxygen carrier (hemoglobin) releases the oxygen to the cells, allowing chemical reactions necessary to sustain the cell life, which in turn sustains the life of the breather.") ;;; #$RespiratorySystem (#$isa #$RespiratorySystem #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$RespiratorySystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$RespiratorySystem #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$RespiratorySystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$RespiratorySystem "The collection of all animals' respiratory systems. A #$RespiratorySystem is composed of body parts (such as the lungs) of the animal, which together function so as to enable it to breathe. Note: it is generally required that the #$RespiratorySystem (of a #$Vertebrate) work together with the #$CirculatorySystem (qv), as the air is used to supply needed substances to the blood and to remove waste products from the blood.") ;;; #$Restaurant (#$isa #$Restaurant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Restaurant #$SingleSiteOrganization) (#$genls #$Restaurant #$ServiceEstablishment) (#$genls #$Restaurant #$FoodServiceOrganization) (#$genls #$Restaurant #$Business) (#$genls #$Restaurant #$LocalCustomerContactPoint) (#$comment #$Restaurant "A collection of organizations; a subset of both #$FoodServiceOrganization and #$ServiceEstablishment. Every element of #$Restaurant has particular locations (one or more) which serve meals in exchange for money. Subsets of #$Restaurant include #$FineRestaurant and #$FastFoodRestaurant, among others.") ;;; #$Resting-Relaxing (#$isa #$Resting-Relaxing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Resting-Relaxing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Resting-Relaxing #$BodilyFunctionEvent) (#$comment #$Resting-Relaxing "The collection of events in which an animal abstains from strenuous physical activity.") ;;; #$Restlessness (#$isa #$Restlessness #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Restlessness #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Restlessness "The feeling of being troubled, restless, concerned about something, or in emotional turmoil. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$RetailOrganization (#$isa #$RetailOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RetailOrganization #$SellingOrganization) (#$genls #$RetailOrganization #$CommercialOrganization) (#$comment #$RetailOrganization "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$RetailOrganization is an enterprise that engages primarily in selling goods to end-users or consumers, rather than to wholesale customers. Examples: #$SearsTheCompany, #$WaldenBooksTheCompany, #$StudtmanPhoto.") ;;; #$RetailStore (#$isa #$RetailStore #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RetailStore #$SingleSiteOrganization) (#$genls #$RetailStore #$RetailOrganization) (#$genls #$RetailStore #$LocalCustomerContactPoint) (#$genls #$RetailStore #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers) (#$comment #$RetailStore "A collection of retail organizations. Every element of #$RetailStore is a #$SingleSiteOrganization (but not necessarily a stand-alone business) which sells goods directly to consumers at store's #$physicalQuarters. Note that the Niemann-Marcus store at the Galleria is an instance of #$RetailStore, but the Niemann-Marcus company as a whole is not, because it is a #$RetailStore-ParentCompany (with multiple outlets); both are #$RetailOrganizations.") ;;; #$RightObject (#$isa #$RightObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RightObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$RightObject "The collection of objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the right side of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples include right hands, right shoes, right automobile turning signals.") ;;; #$RightRegionFn (#$isa #$RightRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$RightRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$RightRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$RightRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$RightRegionFn "The function (RightRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of the right half or flank or right main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic left/right orientation, or is part of a larger region or object that has a left/right orientation.") ;;; #$RightSideUp (#$isa #$RightSideUp #$OrientationAttribute) (#$comment #$RightSideUp "(#$orientation OBJECT #$RightSideUp) means that OBJECT's intrinsic top (e.g., the lid of a teapot) is above (#$above-Directly) its intrinsic bottom (e.g., bowl of a teapot).") ;;; #$Rigid (#$isa #$Rigid #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Rigid "A physical attribute. #$Rigid is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of solids which are stiff--neither flexible nor foldable nor elastic. Examples of rigid things: bricks, wooden boards, steel. Non-rigid things: sand, rubber, cloth. Borderline: lampshades.") ;;; #$Rigidity (#$isa #$Rigidity #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Rigidity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Rigidity #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Rigidity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Rigidity is a property of rigidity belonging to physical objects. Rigidities in Cyc are measured using a #$GenericValueFunction. Rigidities of objects are reported using the predicate #$rigidityOfObject.") ;;; #$Ritual (#$isa #$Ritual #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Ritual #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$Ritual "The collection of highly stylized or formalized actions (or series of actions) performed by #$Persons (alone or in groups), usually performed with some solemnity. Note: as further explained in the comment for #$SocialRitual, a #$WeddingCeremony or #$Inauguration is `more than' just a #$Ritual, but following the `script' for such a ceremony, and actually carrying it out, is a #$Ritual.") ;;; #$River (#$isa #$River #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$River #$Stream) (#$comment #$River "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$River is a natural stream of water, normally of a large volume. Cf. #$Creek. Examples of #$River include the #$ColoradoRiverOfArizona, the #$AmazonRiver, the #$ChangJiangRiver, the #$ThamesRiver.") ;;; #$RoadVehicle (#$isa #$RoadVehicle #$ProductType) (#$isa #$RoadVehicle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RoadVehicle #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$RoadVehicle #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$RoadVehicle #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$RoadVehicle "A collection of transportation devices. An instance of #$RoadVehicle is a vehicle which would typically be found travelling on roads and (optionally) carrying passengers: cars, busses, vans, pickup trucks, fire trucks, RVs, motorcycles, etc.. Since #$RoadVehicles are vehicles, i.e. self powered (e.g. see #$vehicle), #$LandTransportationDevices such as #$Bicycles, or #$Wheelchairs are not in this class.") ;;; #$RoadWorkVehicle (#$isa #$RoadWorkVehicle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RoadWorkVehicle #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$RoadWorkVehicle #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$comment #$RoadWorkVehicle "The class of heavy construction equipment vehicles that are used to make roads and in other situations where one needs to move quantities of earth, rocks, etc. around. These are powered by internal combustion engines, and often have wheels but just as often have treads like tanks.") ;;; #$Role (#$isa #$Role #$RelationType) (#$genls #$Role #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$comment #$Role "Instances of #$Role express relations between a #$Situation and the things involved in it. #$ActorSlots (the relationships between #$Events and the #$SomethingExistings that act in them) are a special type of #$Role.") ;;; #$RoofOfAConstruction (#$isa #$RoofOfAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RoofOfAConstruction #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject) (#$genls #$RoofOfAConstruction #$PartOfBuilding) (#$comment #$RoofOfAConstruction "The collection of all roofs of structures which are instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction. Like instances of #$Wall-Vertical, instances of #$RoofOfAConstruction may be considered as having one or two sides; the 'inner' side of a roof may or may not qualify as a #$CeilingOfARoom. It is understood that one and only one side of a #$RoofOfAConstruction is 'exposed to the elements.'") ;;; #$RoomInAConstruction (#$isa #$RoomInAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$RoomInAConstruction #$SpaceInAHOC) (#$comment #$RoomInAConstruction "The set of rooms in ConstructionArtifacts") ;;; #$Rotation-NonPeriodic (#$isa #$Rotation-NonPeriodic #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Rotation-NonPeriodic #$Movement-NonPeriodic) (#$genls #$Rotation-NonPeriodic #$Movement-Rotation) (#$comment #$Rotation-NonPeriodic "The set of all rotational movements in which rotation occurs in a nonperiodic fashion; e.g., the turning of a knob on a kitchen appliance or a radio dial, or movements of a trackball. See also #$Rotation-Periodic for the context-sensitive nature of this dichotomy.") ;;; #$Rotation-Periodic (#$isa #$Rotation-Periodic #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Rotation-Periodic #$Movement-Periodic) (#$genls #$Rotation-Periodic #$Movement-Rotation) (#$comment #$Rotation-Periodic "A collection of rotational movements; a subset of #$Movement-Rotation. In any instance of #$Rotation-Periodic, either partial rotation (e.g., rocking) or full rotation (e.g., spinning) occurs periodically. Examples include the swinging of a clock pendulum and the rotation of the Earth on its axis. Note that the accuracy and duration of the periodic rotation is context-dependent. E.g., in a context spanning a long enough period of time, and/or if measured sufficiently accurately, the Earth's rotation does not have a fixed period. In a context short enough, and `approximate' enough, a spinning Olympic ice skater is performing a #$Rotation-Periodic event, even though a few seconds later they slow down and stop rotating.")